International Relations Fundamentals: Essential Concepts And Approaches

Written by Shahid Lakha, Spires Co-Founder

International Relations fundamentals involve the foundational theories, principles, and mechanisms guiding interactions among states and non-state actors. These include concepts such as sovereignty, power, anarchy, norms, and diplomacy. Key perspectives in this field are Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism, and Marxism. The role of international organisations, law, and cooperation is crucial in addressing global issues like security and development. Understanding these core concepts enables individuals to analyse how nations shape their foreign policies, negotiate, and address evolving international challenges. Further exploration of these topics will provide deeper insights.

TLDR

• International Relations studies interactions among states, organisations, and non-state actors, emphasising sovereignty, power, and the international system’s structure.
• Core theories include Realism (power/security), Liberalism (cooperation/institutions), Constructivism (norms/identities), Marxism (economic structures), and Feminism (gendered power relations).
• Social norms, collective identities, and evolving global values significantly influence state behaviour and international outcomes.
• Diplomacy and foreign policy rely on negotiation, mutual respect, confidentiality, and strategic use of soft power to manage global affairs.
• Multilateral mechanisms, international organisations, and international law facilitate cooperation, dispute resolution, and the promotion of shared global norms.

Introduction to International Relations Fundamentals

The fundamentals of International Relations encompass the foundational principles and concepts essential for studying the interactions among states and other global actors. This framework is crucial for understanding world politics and the dynamics that shape international affairs.

By examining key historical events, such as the establishment of the post-Westphalian state system and the evolution of diplomatic practices, one can gain insight into the development and continued relevance of International Relations.

Recognising these elements enables a comprehensive assessment of international events, power dynamics, and the nature of cooperation and conflict among nations.

Defining International Relations Fundamentals

How do states, organisations, and a multitude of non-governmental actors interact and shape the complexities of the global arena? International Relations (IR) is the academic discipline dedicated to examining these interactions, focusing on how sovereignty, power, and anarchy influence behaviour within the international system.

Sovereignty denotes a state’s authority over its territory, while power represents the capacity to influence others. The concept of anarchy, indicating the absence of a central governing authority, frames the challenges states and actors face in cooperation and competition.

Understanding these fundamentals provides those committed to service with valuable insights for navigating complex global relationships.

Importance of International Affairs in World Politics

Amid the complex web of global interactions, the role of international affairs in shaping world politics is evident, as political, economic, social, and cultural exchanges among nations and various actors continually redefine the international landscape.

International relations enable a nuanced understanding of how states pursue their interests through diplomacy, trade, and alliances, while addressing shared challenges such as climate change and international security.

Key Historical Milestones in International Relations

A comprehensive grasp of world politics requires examining the key historical events that have influenced international relations. These moments offer essential context for understanding the development of global interactions and the principles that govern state behaviour.

Notable developments such as the Treaty of Westphalia marked the recognition of sovereignty and the establishment of the modern nation-state system. Subsequent events have continued to reshape international norms and responsibilities.

To engage effectively in this field, it is important to acknowledge these significant events:

1. The 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, which established state sovereignty.
2. The Treaty of Utrecht, which confirmed the principle of sovereign equality.
3. The emergence and consolidation of the nation-state system.
4. The process of decolonisation following the Second World War.

Core Theories of International Relations

Understanding international relations involves engaging with foundational theories, each offering distinct perspectives on state and actor interactions in the global context.

Realism focuses on power and security; liberalism emphasises cooperation and the role of international institutions; constructivism considers the influence of social norms and identities; Marxism examines economic structures and class dynamics.

Additionally, perspectives such as feminist theory expand the analytical framework by addressing gendered power relations.

Examining these core theories provides scholars and practitioners with essential tools to analyse the complexities and dynamics of global politics.

Realism: Power and Security

In the realist framework, the balance of power is a mechanism through which states aim to prevent any single actor from dominating the international system. This often involves forming alliances or increasing military capabilities to counter perceived threats.

State sovereignty is a key principle, with realists asserting that the lack of a higher authority obliges each state to prioritise its autonomy and interests.

These elements highlight realism’s focus on the ongoing negotiation of security and influence, shaping the strategies and interactions characterising global politics.

Balance of Power

In the realist tradition of international relations, the balance of power concept posits that preventing any single state’s dominance is best achieved by maintaining relative power parity among competing actors.

Historically, this has been realised through complex alliances and strategic partnerships.

This approach aims to enhance international security, deter conflict, and foster stability, although its effectiveness is debated in today’s changing geopolitical landscape.

State Sovereignty

State sovereignty, a central concept in the realist tradition of international relations, refers to the exclusive authority of a state to manage its own affairs without external interference, establishing its legitimacy within defined territorial boundaries.

In the anarchic international system, states focus on preserving sovereignty by utilising power, which is demonstrated through military capability, economic strength, and diplomatic influence.

This power is essential for maintaining autonomy and advancing national interests amid ongoing competition and evolving global challenges.

Liberalism: Cooperation and Global Governance

Liberalism highlights the important role of institutions and international organisations in facilitating cooperation. Entities such as the United Nations provide platforms for states to negotiate, resolve disputes, and collectively address transnational challenges.

Liberal theory posits that multilateralism, through binding agreements and shared frameworks, can regulate state behaviour, promote stability, and enhance the effectiveness of global governance. This approach argues that active participation in international organisations not only reduces conflict but also serves common interests in areas like security, human rights, and sustainable development.

Institutions and International Organizations

Institutions and international organisations play a central role in shaping international relations, especially within liberal theoretical frameworks. They promote cooperation and address complex global challenges by encouraging multilateralism and providing platforms for states and non-state actors.

These organisations contribute to global governance, establish international norms, and support peace and economic stability. However, they also face challenges such as power imbalances and limited enforcement capacities.

United Nations and Multilateralism

How does the United Nations showcase the liberal focus on multilateral cooperation and global governance?

As an international organisation, the UN supports multilateralism by offering diplomatic forums, peacekeeping operations, and platforms such as the General Assembly and Security Council. These platforms enable states to collectively address issues like conflict resolution, human rights, and climate change.

This promotes a collaborative, rule-based global governance model that aims to serve the international community effectively.

Constructivism: Social Norms and Identity

Constructivism in international relations highlights the importance of ideas, shared understandings, and social norms in influencing the behaviour of states and other international actors. It argues that interests are not fixed but are formed through ongoing social interactions.

The influence of social norms is apparent when changes in collective identity and expectations, such as the global acceptance of human rights or environmental responsibility, modify the priorities and policies of governments and institutions.

Role of Ideas and Social Construction

A key aspect of the constructivist approach in international relations is its emphasis on social norms, collective identities, and shared ideas as primary influences on state behaviour and global outcomes.

Constructivists argue that international norms, discourses, and collective beliefs form the framework within which states define their interests and actions. These social constructs play a crucial role in promoting cooperative and meaningful international engagement.

Impact of Social Norms on International Relations

The analysis of social norms within international relations highlights the significant role that collective ideas and shared understandings play in shaping the behaviour of states and the dynamics of global politics.

Constructivism explains that evolving social norms, such as those related to human rights and environmental protection, promote international cooperation.

National identities and treaty standards influence foreign policy, demonstrating their ongoing relevance for those engaged in this field.

Marxism: Economy, Class, and Global Inequality

Marxism in international relations views capitalism as a global system intrinsically structured by class conflict. The theory asserts that power in world politics is closely linked with economic dominance and the continuation of social inequality.

It emphasises how hegemonic states and multinational corporations maintain their influence through mechanisms that favour the accumulation of wealth in the global core. At the same time, these mechanisms systematically disadvantage peripheral regions and working-class populations.

Capitalism and World Politics

In the field of international relations, the Marxist perspective offers a critical interpretation of capitalism’s influence on global politics, highlighting how economic interests and class dynamics underpin the behaviour of states internationally.

According to international relations theory, capitalism drives power politics by fostering global inequality. Dominant states secure their interests through imperialism, perpetuating uneven development and reinforcing systemic disparities between nations.

Hegemony and Social Inequality

How does the architecture of the international system reinforce patterns of dominance and inequality?

Through a Marxist perspective, one sees that hegemony in global affairs arises as dominant capitalist states exercise economic and ideological power, perpetuating social inequality.

Capitalism facilitates the exploitation of developing nations for resources and labour, entrenching class hierarchies and sustaining a persistent global wealth gap.

This scenario presents challenges to efforts aimed at advancing equitable international relations.

Alternative Perspectives

In international relations, alternative perspectives such as feminism, critical theories, and postcolonial approaches challenge traditional theories by highlighting the importance of power structures, identity, and historical context in shaping global interactions.

Feminist scholars examine how gender roles and inequalities affect political outcomes, while critical and postcolonial theorists investigate the lasting impact of imperialism, colonial legacies, and marginalised voices in world affairs.

These frameworks prompt a reassessment of established narratives, urging scholars and practitioners to consider a broader range of actors, experiences, and sources of power within the international system.

Feminism in International Relations

Feminism in International Relations serves as a critical framework that examines how gender roles, societal norms, and entrenched power structures influence global politics and policy development.

By focusing on gender, power, and representation, feminist scholars bring attention to the marginalisation of women’s experiences, critique ongoing gender inequalities, and advocate for inclusive participation and leadership.

The aim is to promote more equitable and compassionate international policies.

Critical Theories and Postcolonial Approaches

Critical theories and postcolonial approaches in international relations extend the analysis of gendered power structures to include broader patterns of domination, inequality, and historical legacy that influence global affairs. By examining power dynamics, these frameworks—such as Marxism and postcolonialism—challenge mainstream perspectives, deconstruct prevailing narratives, and advocate for more inclusive, equitable, and historically aware understandings of global interactions.

This empowers those committed to social justice.

Diplomacy and Foreign Policy

Diplomacy is based on principles like negotiation, representation, and mutual respect. It requires skilled diplomats to navigate complex international environments while adhering to established conventions and protocols.

The formulation and analysis of foreign policy involve a careful assessment of national interests, security priorities, and the dynamic interplay of both domestic and global factors. This process ensures each decision aligns with broader strategic objectives.

International organisations, alongside individual diplomats, facilitate dialogue, forge alliances, and provide platforms for states to manage conflicts and promote cooperation on the world stage.

Principles of Diplomacy

In the field of international relations, the principles of diplomacy provide essential guidelines for managing interactions between states and organisations. These principles stress the significance of dialogue, negotiation, and effective communication.

They are grounded in international law, which ensures respect for sovereignty and diplomatic immunity, while soft power is strategically employed to foster cooperation and understanding.

Diplomats must adhere to several key tenets to facilitate peaceful and productive engagement:

1. Maintain confidentiality and credibility in all diplomatic exchanges.
2. Respect the sovereignty of all nations.
3. Seek mutually beneficial solutions through negotiation.
4. Adhere to established international law and diplomatic protocols.

Formulating and Analysing Foreign Policy

How do states develop strategies that effectively protect their interests and respond to the evolving landscape of global affairs? Formulating foreign policy requires a comprehensive assessment of national interests, security threats, and the broader international context.

Decision-making relies on accurate intelligence, diplomatic communication, and collaboration with international institutions. Analysts must consider the influence of domestic politics, leadership traits, and global power dynamics, ensuring that both immediate tactical needs and long-term strategic objectives are addressed.

Through thorough evaluation and adaptation, foreign policy acts as a crucial tool for fostering cooperation, resolving conflicts, and promoting a nation’s well-being within the international system.

Role of Diplomats and International Organisations

The United Nations, through its charter and specialised agencies, plays a significant role in establishing international law and guiding state behaviour by creating frameworks that govern issues such as human rights, security, and trade.

International cooperation is facilitated by diplomats and international organisations working together to negotiate and implement agreements addressing transnational challenges, ensuring that states adhere to shared norms and legal obligations.

These mechanisms not only enable peaceful interactions but also reinforce the legitimacy and effectiveness of multilateral solutions in the international system.

United Nations and International Law

Understanding international relations often requires examining the critical roles of the United Nations and the framework of international law, both of which are essential in maintaining global order.

Through diplomacy, representatives from various nations engage in structured dialogue, adhere to legal norms, and support peaceful dispute resolution.

This approach advances justice, stability, and shared responsibility within the global community.

International Cooperation and Agreements

With growing global interconnectedness, effective international cooperation and the creation of binding agreements have become crucial for addressing complex challenges that cross national borders, such as security threats, economic crises, and environmental issues.

Diplomacy, facilitated through international agreements and organisations, enables states to:

1. Resolve disputes peacefully.
2. Foster mutual understanding.
3. Promote sustainable development.
4. Uphold shared values and responsibilities.

International Law and Global Governance

International law forms the foundational framework for governing relations among states and other international actors. This framework relies on treaties, conventions, and customary practices, which are interpreted and enforced by institutions such as the International Court of Justice.

Within this structure, the protection of human rights and the pursuit of global justice are key considerations. International organisations play a critical role in setting standards and creating mechanisms to address transnational challenges.

The structure and function of these organisations, such as the United Nations and the World Trade Organisation, influence the effectiveness of global governance by facilitating cooperation, resolving disputes, and promoting adherence to established legal norms.

Foundations of International Law

A comprehensive understanding of international relations requires an examination of the foundational principles and legal frameworks that regulate the interactions among sovereign states and other global actors, as embodied within international law. International law is formed by treaties, customary practices, and principles acknowledged by the international community, serving as the basis for predictable and cooperative engagement.

The principle of sovereignty is central, ensuring equality and independence. Legal instruments such as the United Nations Charter establish norms discouraging aggression and promoting peace. Institutions like the International Court of Justice provide mechanisms for impartial dispute resolution, reinforcing cooperation and accountability among nations.

Human Rights and Global Justice

Grounded in the legal principles that regulate state behaviour, the pursuit of human rights and global justice is a significant aspect of modern international relations. Both states and non-state actors are engaged in this endeavour.

International law, articulated through treaties and conventions such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, provides a framework to shield individuals from abuses like genocide and discrimination.

Mechanisms including international courts, advocacy initiatives, and principles such as responsible sovereignty hold states accountable and address global inequalities.

The commitment to human rights and global justice is fundamental to ethical global governance and cooperative international engagement.

International Organisations: Structure and Function

In modern international relations, the United Nations significantly influences global security and cooperation. International economic organisations and trade agreements are pivotal in shaping economic policies and resolving disputes among nations. Non-state actors, such as transnational corporations and civil society organisations, play a growing role in influencing decision-making processes and the implementation of international law. Below is a table outlining key entities and their roles within this complex framework:

Entity/Agreement	Primary Function	Notable Mechanism/Body
United Nations	Maintain peace and security	Security Council
World Trade Organisation	Regulate global trade	Dispute Settlement Body
European Union	Regional economic integration	European Commission
ASEAN	Regional cooperation	ASEAN Summit
Non-State Actors	Influence policy and advocacy	NGOs, MNCs

This overview provides a snapshot of how different international entities function within the global system, highlighting their roles in governance, economic regulation, and advocacy.

Influence of the United Nations

How does the United Nations shape the landscape of international relations and global governance?

As the leading institution for promoting peace, security, and international cooperation, the United Nations establishes international law through treaties and conventions.

It also deploys peacekeeping missions to resolve conflicts and maintain stability.

Its agencies address human rights, sustainable development, and climate change, providing a comprehensive framework for states dedicated to serving humanity’s collective interests.

International Economic Organisations and Trade Agreements

The United Nations offers a comprehensive framework for addressing peace, security, and humanitarian concerns. However, the structure of global governance also encompasses influential international economic organisations and trade agreements that shape the world’s financial and commercial systems.

Institutions such as the World Trade Organisation and the International Monetary Fund, alongside treaties like NAFTA and the EU single market, establish rules, reduce barriers, and promote equitable and stable economic relations among nations.

Role of Non-State Actors

A significant aspect of contemporary international relations is the dynamic role of non-state actors, particularly international organisations. These entities facilitate cooperation and coordination among sovereign states by establishing international law standards, providing humanitarian assistance, and mediating global governance challenges.

Although they lack sovereignty, they exert considerable influence through diplomatic engagement, soft power, and specialised structures. This influence helps shape state behaviour and advance collective global objectives.

Contemporary Issues in World Politics

Contemporary issues in world politics require careful consideration of conflict resolution strategies, the challenges posed by climate change, and the evolving influence of gender and social norms in international relations.

The effects of globalisation test the ability of sovereign states to adapt their policies amid changing economic, security, and humanitarian landscapes, often illustrated by case studies from the Cold War and World War II to current crises.

Understanding these dynamics is crucial for analysing how state and non-state actors respond to pressing global challenges and influence the future of international cooperation.

Conflict Resolution and Peace Studies

How can enduring conflicts between nations or groups be effectively transformed into lasting peace? Conflict resolution in international relations utilises diplomatic, legal, and occasionally military strategies to address disputes.

Peace studies focus on examining underlying causes such as inequality, injustice, and identity clashes.

By employing frameworks like Track I diplomacy, Track II informal dialogues, and Track III grassroots efforts, practitioners encourage multilateral cooperation, directly addressing issues such as territorial disputes, ethnic tensions, and economic inequalities.

Historical successes, exemplified by the Good Friday Agreement, demonstrate how comprehensive peace processes, rooted in conflict resolution and peace studies, achieve sustained stability and serve broader humanitarian objectives.

Climate Change and Global Challenges

How does the global community address a challenge that transcends borders and threatens the foundations of human security? Climate change, driven by fossil fuel emissions, deforestation, and industry, presents significant global challenges, prompting international organisations such as the UNFCCC to coordinate responses.

The Paris Agreement exemplifies collective commitment, though swift action is necessary to safeguard vulnerable populations and sustain development. Scientific consensus highlights the need for immediate emissions reductions.

Key priorities include:

1. Strengthening multilateral climate agreements.
2. Mobilising climate finance for adaptation and mitigation.
3. Fostering technology transfer and capacity-building.
4. Supporting communities most affected by climate change.

Each of these priorities is essential to creating a coordinated and effective response to climate change. Strengthening multilateral agreements ensures that nations work together towards common goals.

Mobilising finance is critical for both adaptation strategies and reducing the impact of climate-related disasters. Technology transfer and capacity-building are necessary for developing countries to implement sustainable practices.

Lastly, prioritising support for vulnerable communities is crucial to ensure equitable development and resilience.

Gender and Social Norms in International Relations

Global efforts to address shared threats such as climate change are closely linked to the influence of gender and social norms on international relations. These norms shape policy outcomes and the distribution of power both within and between states.

Gender norms continue to limit women’s representation in diplomacy and leadership, with women occupying only about 25% of parliamentary seats worldwide as of 2023. Social norms further perpetuate economic disparities and influence participation in peacebuilding.

Organisations like UN Women work to challenge discrimination and violence. There is increasing recognition in international relations that equitable and inclusive engagement, along with the dismantling of harmful social norms, is necessary for effective global governance.

Impact of Globalisation on Policy and Sovereign States

The international system currently faces significant challenges to the autonomy of sovereign states due to the rapid processes of globalisation, which have fundamentally reshaped contemporary world politics.

As states navigate unprecedented economic interdependence, exemplified by intricate global supply chains and transnational actors, the traditional notions of sovereignty are increasingly tested. Policymakers must address the complexity of aligning national interests with global standards, while international cooperation becomes necessary in addressing issues like climate change and pandemics.

Case Studies: Cold War, World War II, and Current Affairs

An in-depth understanding of international relations requires examining key historical and contemporary case studies, such as World War II, the Cold War, and current global affairs. These events demonstrate the ongoing impact of superpower rivalry and the changing dynamics of international security.

The legacies of World War II and the Cold War continue to shape institutions and influence responses to modern challenges, including shifts in global power, climate change, and cybersecurity. For those committed to global service, these cases underscore the need for informed, compassionate engagement:

1. Establishment of international security frameworks
2. Nuclear deterrence and arms control
3. Crisis management and humanitarian response
4. Adaptation to emerging threats

These areas highlight the importance of understanding historical contexts to address contemporary issues effectively.

The formation of international security frameworks provides insights into how nations collaborate to maintain peace. Nuclear deterrence and arms control illustrate the delicate balance between power and diplomacy. Crisis management and humanitarian response demonstrate the necessity of swift and effective action in times of need.

Finally, adapting to emerging threats requires flexibility and foresight in policy-making to safeguard global stability.

Approaches to Studying International Relations

When studying International Relations, scholars utilise a variety of methods, including qualitative case studies and quantitative analysis. Historical context and historiography are crucial for understanding the evolution of global dynamics and theoretical frameworks.

Critical thinking plays a key role in applying abstract theories to real-world situations, requiring students to systematically evaluate evidence and perspectives. For those wishing to improve these skills, Spires Online Tutors offer personalised guidance, aiding in the comprehensive understanding of both foundational concepts and advanced analytical techniques within the discipline.

Methods in International Relations Scholarship

How do scholars systematically investigate the complex dynamics of international relations? Contemporary scholarship is characterised by methodological pluralism, with analysts employing both qualitative methods, such as interviews and case studies, and quantitative techniques, including statistical modelling. This diverse approach enables a nuanced understanding, allowing researchers to address various questions and serve global communities effectively.

The main strategies are as follows:

1. Qualitative methods, including case studies and interviews, capture context and meaning.
2. Quantitative techniques, such as statistical analysis and modelling, identify patterns and test hypotheses.
3. Textual analysis, encompassing discourse, doctrinal, and content analysis, interprets influential communications.
4. Experimental and comparative methods explore causal relationships and cross-national trends.

The Role of History and Historiography

History plays a pivotal role in the study of international relations as it provides a foundation for understanding how international theories and approaches have developed.

Historiography, the examination of how scholars interpret and construct historical narratives, is key to this understanding. Traditional diplomatic history often focuses on state actors and treaties, while social and cultural histories expand the perspective to include societal influences.

Drawing from ancient thinkers like Thucydides and Machiavelli, different historiographical schools—ranging from positivist to critical—inform the analysis of international events.

Critical Thinking and Applying Theory to Practice

The discipline of international relations seldom provides clear or uncontested answers, highlighting the importance of critical thinking in both academic study and practical application.

By thoroughly evaluating theories such as realism, liberalism, constructivism, Marxism, and feminism, individuals can uncover the assumptions and implications underlying policy choices.

Applying these theories involves a careful comparison of perspectives, ensuring that approaches to issues like conflict or cooperation are both nuanced and informed.

Integrating critical thinking with theory promotes meaningful engagement in global affairs, grounded in a service-oriented mindset.

How Spires Online Tutors Can Help You Succeed in International Relations

Students aiming to excel in the complex field of international relations can gain significant advantages from the structured support offered by Spires Online Tutors. Through personalised tutoring, learners engage with expert-led courses that elucidate international relations theories such as realism, liberalism, constructivism, Marxism, and feminism, ensuring a comprehensive understanding of diverse perspectives.

The experienced tutors at Spires use real-world examples and case studies to demonstrate how these approaches inform the analysis of global challenges. With flexible scheduling and tailored instruction, students can master foundational concepts and develop the analytical skills necessary for meaningful contributions to the study of international relations.

Conclusion: The Continuing Importance of International Relations Fundamentals

In the rapidly changing global environment, understanding fundamental concepts in international relations—such as sovereignty, power, and security—remains essential. These principles form the foundational framework for navigating the complexities of modern international affairs.

Engaging deeply with core theoretical approaches allows individuals to develop the analytical skills necessary to address global challenges effectively. With ongoing transnational threats, shifting alliances, and new forms of conflict, a strong grasp of international relations fundamentals is crucial for informed decision-making, fostering cooperation, and promoting the common good in an interconnected world.

Frequently Asked Questions

What Are the Major Approaches to International Relations?

In examining the primary approaches to international relations, one identifies realism, liberalism, constructivism, Marxism, and feminism. Each theoretical framework offers distinct insights for those aiming to promote understanding, cooperation, and justice in global affairs.

What Are the 4 Principles of International Relations?

The current question addresses the foundational principles guiding state behaviour in the global arena. These four principles—sovereignty, anarchy, self-help, and balance of power—shape how states interact, cooperate, and protect shared interests for mutual well-being.

Sovereignty refers to the authority of a state to govern itself without external interference, allowing for autonomous decision-making and policy development. Anarchy, in the context of international relations, denotes the absence of a central global authority, leading to a system where states must navigate interactions without overarching governance. In this anarchic environment, the principle of self-help emerges, where states prioritise their own survival and interests, often through self-reliance and strategic alliances. Lastly, the balance of power involves maintaining equilibrium among states to prevent dominance by any single entity, thereby promoting stability and preventing conflict.

What Does Quincy Wright Mean by International Relations?

Quincy Wright offers a scholarly perspective on international relations, defining it as the examination of interactions among states and global entities. His approach focuses on analysing the political, economic, military, and social factors that contribute to both cooperation and conflict on the international stage.

What Are the Fundamental Values of International Relations?

The fundamental values of international relations emphasise peace, security, justice, and human rights, along with sovereignty and non-interference. These values promote cooperation, multilateralism, and adherence to international law, creating a global environment where nations support and uplift one another.